What is renewable, synthetic fuel?
Dynamic Fuels produces synthetic diesel made from renewable resources such as animal fats or yellow grease (cooking oil from restaurants that is predominantly a vegetable oil). Biodiesel could also be called renewable if it comes from a renewable source.

We call our fuel synthetic since it is made from sources other than petroleum, but after our process, those sources yield the same molecule yielded from traditional petroleum diesel processing. The difference is that synthetic fuel does not contain the impurities that give petroleum diesel its characteristic odor and color.

What is the difference between biodiesel and renewable, synthetic diesel?
Biodiesel is made by a very simple process in which alcohol is reacted with a triglyceride in the presence of a catalyst. A methyl ester (biodiesel) and glycerin are produced.

Dynamic Fuels™ renewable, synthetic diesel fuel is made in a hydrotreating process similar to a petroleum refinery. A triglyceride is reacted with hydrogen in the presence of a metallic catalyst. Synthetic diesel, naphtha, and Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) are produced.

In the biodiesel process the oxygen atoms are not removed from the finished biodiesel, whereas in the hydrotreating process all oxygen is removed. The absence of oxygen is one of the factors that gives synthetic diesel its superior qualities over biodiesel.

Will renewable, synthetic fuels be available at gas stations?
Renewable, synthetic diesel fuel will be sold in the United States within the existing diesel-fuel distribution system. One of the strong benefits of renewable, synthetic diesel is that existing infrastructure can be used. At this time, we foresee that its ultra-clean properties will make it a popular choice for conventional diesel producers to use as a blending fuel to help conventional diesel meet minimum government standards. It may particularly appeal to the operators of fleet vehicles and city buses who are seeking ways to reduce emissions in cities subject to large amounts of pollution. Other possible markets include the military and commercial airlines, who have expressed interest in ultra-clean renewable jet fuel.

Renewable diesel can be used in any engine that runs petroleum diesel with no alterations.

How is renewable diesel made?
Dynamic Fuels™ renewable diesel uses hydroprocessing to convert biorenewable feedstocks (triglycerides) into ultra-clean and environmentally friendly diesel or jet fuel, naphtha, and LPG. A series of reactions with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst is used to break the triglyceride into its basic building blocks. The molecule is broken at the oxygen atoms, which combine with the hydrogen to form water. The “backbone” of the triglyceride is converted to propane and the “arms” are converted to paraffin. A subsequent process rearranges the carbon atoms and branches the molecule to make it harder for the molecules to solidify. The more branches that are incorporated, the lower the temperature before diesel starts to solidify or freeze. The Dynamic Fuels renewable-diesel process can make fuels suitable for arctic and jet fuel applications.

What ingredients are used to make Dynamic Fuels™ Renewable Diesel fuel?
Dynamic Fuels™ Renewable Diesel fuel has the flexibility to be made from a variety of feedstocks to produce ultra-clean diesel or jet fuel. Animal fat, vegetable oil, tall oil (a byproduct from the treatment of pine wood for production of pulp or paper), used cooking oil, and grease are all possible sources of feed. Hydrogen is the other ingredient needed to produce the fuel.

Is there waste made during the creation process that will need to be addressed?
The only byproduct from our process is a small amount of water that is created when the oxygen is removed from the triglyceride (fat molecules) in the presence of hydrogen. Our unique feedstock pre-treatment system allows the processing of low-quality feedstocks, such as inedible fats, waste, greases, and materials currently hauled to landfill.

How will Dynamic Fuels™ renewable diesel fuel affect the environment?
Fuels that are combusted produce some level of emissions. However, Dynamic Fuels™ renewable diesel fuel is very low in the three major categories of emissions—nitrogen oxide (NOx), sulfur (almost zero), and aromatics (zero). As a result, its emissions levels are the lowest of any transportation fuel on the market, petroleum based or renewable.

What kinds of feedstock can Dynamic Fuels use to create renewable, synthetic fuel?

• Inedible Tallow: Non food grade beef fat
• Technical Lard: Inedible porcine fat
• Choice White Grease: Inedible porcine fat
• Poultry Fat: Rendered chicken fat
• Yellow Grease: Recycled vegetable cooking oil, typically from frying operations
• Floatation Fat: Fat recovered from wash water in the beef rendering process
• Prepared Foods Waste Fats: Fats recovered from cooking manufacturing operations (such as the manufacture of pre-cooked bacon)
• Unrefined Soybean Oil: The inedible portion of soybean oil that results from the crushing and refining process
• Palm Stearin: Fraction of palm oil with the worst cold flow properties (not typically used by biodiesel) – 15-16% of total crude palm oil production
• Palm Fatty Acid Distillate: 100% free fatty acid byproduct of palm crushing process – 4-5% of crude palm oil production
• Tall Oil: A byproduct from the treatment of pine wood for production of pulp or paper

What is your carbon footprint?
The fuel produced via the Bio-Synfining™ process originated in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide was absorbed by plants that were converted into vegetable oil or fed to animals and converted into animal fat. The Bio-Synfining™ proprietary process utilizes the renewable carbon present in the vegetable oil or animal fat to produce ultra-clean diesel or jet fuel, as opposed to utilizing carbon from fossil fuel resources.

The impact of the Bio-Synfining™ Process was evaluated based on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Carbon dioxide is the main GHG as it is a product of combustion. Other GHGs were evaluated are methane and nitrous oxide. All GHG emissions are provided on a CO2-equivalent basis using global warming potentials recommended by the American Petroleum Institute for methane (21 lb CO2/lb CH4) and nitrous oxide (310 lb CO2/lb N2O).

GHG emissions for a 5,000 barrel per day (approximately 75 million gallons per year) Bio-Synfining™ plant have been evaluated on direct emissions (produced at the plant site from combustion, vented, or fugitive sources) and indirect emissions (imported resources such as electricity and hydrogen). The proprietary Bio-Synfining™ process does not directly consume fossil fuels for use in the plant. Thus, all direct emissions associated with the plant originate from renewable feedstocks resulting in zero GHG emissions. For this evaluation, it is assumed that the Bio-Synfining™ process will import all power and hydrogen requirements from the local electrical grid and hydrogen pipeline. The indirect emissions associated with these imports have been estimated for the plant.

The estimated GHG emissions for a 5,000 barrel per day Bio-Synfining™ plant range from 107-174 pounds of CO2-equivalent per barrel of oil equivalent based on the anticipated blended feedstock. The range is associated with the source of hydrogen imported. The lower range is based on hydrogen produced from a plant implementing carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) and the upper range is based on hydrogen produced from a plant without CCS.